The first COVID-19 vaccines will likely require two shots
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Moderna
FDA
UCLA Health
Pfizer / BioNTech’s
Johnson & Johnson
People
Otto Yang
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Summary
The immune system needs the extra exposure time to learn how to effectively fight the virus because, as Yang explains, a vaccine doesn’t replicate in the body the way a virus does.“When you’re first getting exposed to something,” says Yang, “the immune system is actually starting from scratch.” Pathogens, like the coronavirus, have specific areas called antigens, which trigger our cells to produce antibodies to fight off the infection. The reason for those multiple doses, Yang says, “is because generating the initial response is harder than reviving the response that’s already there.” Two doses is the best way to create an effective number of antibodies and memory cells, but the requirement poses logistical problems.
As said here by Kait Sanchez